Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
Textbook
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
Textbook
Textbook
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin