An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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