Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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