Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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