The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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