An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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