A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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