An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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