In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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