Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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