In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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