Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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