The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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