An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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