Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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