In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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