There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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