Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
Textbook
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
Textbook
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