The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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