Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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