(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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