Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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