Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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