Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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