“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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