Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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