Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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