There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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