Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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