A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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