Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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