Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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