A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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