Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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