A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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