Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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