In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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