By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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