Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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