It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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