Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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