Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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