The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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