The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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