Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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