The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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