The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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