In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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