The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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