An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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