Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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