One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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