A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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