Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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