The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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