The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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