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Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
Textbook
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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