As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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