Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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