One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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