The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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