Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
Textbook
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin