The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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