One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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