The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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