One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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