A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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