A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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