A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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