Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
Textbook
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
Textbook
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
Textbook
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
Textbook
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
Textbook
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin