There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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