Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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