Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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