Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
Textbook
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
Textbook
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
Textbook
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
Textbook
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin