A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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