Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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