A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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