Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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