Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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