Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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