Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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