Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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