The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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