A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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