The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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