Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
Textbook
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
Textbook
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin