A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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