Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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