A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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