Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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