It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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