To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
Textbook
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
Textbook
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
Textbook
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin