Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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