Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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