Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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