Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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