Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
Textbook
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
Textbook
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
Textbook
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin