Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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