Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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