All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
Textbook
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
Textbook
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin