One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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