The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin