The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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