The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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