The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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