The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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