A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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