A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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