Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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