A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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