Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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