The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
Textbook
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
Textbook
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin