A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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