Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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