pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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