Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
Textbook
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
Textbook
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
Textbook
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin