A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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