pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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