The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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