As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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