Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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