Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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