A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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