The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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