There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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