Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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