The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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