Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
Textbook
Textbook
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
Textbook
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
Textbook
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
Textbook
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
Textbook
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
Textbook
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
Textbook
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin