(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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