By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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