A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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