Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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