Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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