In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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