(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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