In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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