As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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