The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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