In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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