Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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