An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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