Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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