In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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