I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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