Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
Textbook
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
Textbook
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
Textbook
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
Textbook
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
Textbook
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
Textbook
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
Textbook
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
Textbook
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin