Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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