A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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