Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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