Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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