There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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