There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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