There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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