Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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