Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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