Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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