Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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