Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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