I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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