“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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