Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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