One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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