An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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