A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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