Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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