Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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