In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
Textbook
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin