An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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