Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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