To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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