A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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