Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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