Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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