Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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