It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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