A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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