One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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