Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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