RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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