RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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