RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
Textbook
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
Textbook
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin