RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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