RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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