pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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