Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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