pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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