Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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