Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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