An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
Textbook
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
Textbook
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
Textbook
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin