Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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