pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
Textbook
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
Textbook
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin