A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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