It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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