Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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