There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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