pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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