Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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