Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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