Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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