The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
Textbook
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin