A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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