As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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