As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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