Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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