As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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