“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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