While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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