Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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