Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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