In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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