As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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