A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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