Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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