Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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