As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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