Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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