Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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