The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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