Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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