Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
Textbook
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
Textbook
All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
Textbook
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
Textbook
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
Textbook
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
Textbook
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
Textbook
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin