Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
Textbook
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
Textbook
All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
Textbook
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin