Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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