By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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