Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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