In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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