By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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