A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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