The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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