Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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