Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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