Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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