One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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