The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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