In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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