An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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