Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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