A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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