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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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