RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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