An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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