RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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