Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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