Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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