Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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