The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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