Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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