So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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