A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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