A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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