The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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