A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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