A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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