A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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