A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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